1. Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.
http://www.physics4kids.com/files/thermo_scales.html
2. When there is more thermal energy, there is more heat. When there is more heat, the temperature is higher because the atoms get excited and start to bounce around.
3. The specific heat is the energy needed to raise something one gram celsius.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_does_water_have_a_high_and_specific_heat_capacity
4. An ice cube melts in my hand because my hand produces heat much warmer that the state of heat that the ice cube is. My hand produces energy that makes the atoms in the ice become active and it melts.
5. Some materials may already be in a warmer state than others or have a higher kinetic energy.
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